十万个为什么·科学启蒙30篇（4）
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Why Deep Ocean Light Fades Rapidly
为什么深海颜色迅速变暗
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Sunlight contains all colors, but water absorbs longer wavelengths—red, orange, yellow—first, within the top 50 meters.阳光包含所有颜色，但水会首先吸收较长波长的光——红、橙、黄光——在表层50米内即大幅衰减。
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By 100 meters, green light dominates; at 200 meters, only dim blue remains, and infrared vanishes completely.到100米深度，绿光占主导；200米处仅存微弱蓝光，红外光则完全消失。
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Particles and dissolved organic matter scatter light further, reducing clarity and intensity faster in coastal zones.颗粒物和溶解性有机质进一步散射光线，使近岸海域的透明度和光照强度衰减更快。
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Most deep-sea animals either produce their own light (bioluminescence) or have ultra-sensitive eyes adapted to near-total darkness.多数深海动物要么自身发光（生物发光），要么拥有极度敏感的眼睛，以适应近乎全黑的环境。
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Submersibles carry powerful lights because natural illumination drops to less than 1% of surface levels below 200 m.潜水器需配备强光源，因为200米以下自然光照已不足海面强度的1%。
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Photosynthetic organisms like phytoplankton vanish below 1000 meters, where no usable light remains for energy conversion.光合生物（如浮游植物）在1000米以下彻底消失，因该深度已无可供能量转化的有效光线。
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Scientists use spectral sensors to map ‘euphotic depth’—the deepest layer receiving enough light for photosynthesis.科学家利用光谱传感器测定‘透光层深度’——即仍能满足光合作用所需光照的最深水层。
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This rapid attenuation is why deep-ocean photography requires artificial lighting and careful white-balance calibration.正是这种快速衰减，使得深海摄影必须依赖人工照明，并精细校准白平衡。