科学素养与现象阐释·英语30篇（7）
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Why Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Sustain Entire Ecosystems Without Sunlight
深海热液喷口如何在无阳光条件下维系完整生态系统？
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Hydrothermal vents emit mineral-rich, superheated fluids from Earth’s crust at depths exceeding 2,500 meters where photosynthesis is impossible.热液喷口从地球地壳深处（深度超2500米、光合作用无法进行的区域）喷出富含矿物的超高温流体。
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Chemosynthetic bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide and methane dissolved in vent effluents to synthesize organic compounds.化能合成细菌氧化热液喷出物中溶解的硫化氢和甲烷，合成有机化合物。
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These microbes form biofilm mats on vent chimneys and serve as primary producers, replacing phytoplankton in the food web.这些微生物在喷口烟囱表面形成生物膜垫层，作为初级生产者，在食物网中替代浮游植物。
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Giant tube worms host symbiotic bacteria intracellularly, supplying them with hemoglobin-bound sulfide while receiving fixed carbon in return.巨型管虫细胞内共生细菌，为其提供血红蛋白结合的硫化物，并换取固定的碳。
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Vent ecosystems exhibit unusually high biomass per square meter—orders of magnitude greater than surrounding abyssal plains.热液喷口生态系统单位面积生物量异常高，比周边深海平原高出数个数量级。
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Genomic analyses reveal horizontal gene transfer among archaea and bacteria, accelerating metabolic innovation under extreme pressure and toxicity.基因组分析显示古菌与细菌间存在水平基因转移，在极端高压与毒性环境下加速代谢创新。
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Metal sulfides precipitated at vents create conductive mineral structures that may facilitate electron transfer across microbial consortia.喷口处沉淀的金属硫化物形成导电矿物结构，可能促进微生物群落间的电子传递。
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Commercial interest in vent-associated polymetallic sulfides has prompted international regulatory debates under UNCLOS Article 136.商业界对喷口相关多金属硫化物的兴趣，已依据《联合国海洋法公约》第136条引发国际监管争议。
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Long-term observatories monitor vent stability, showing episodic collapse and reactivation linked to tectonic strain cycles.长期观测站监测喷口稳定性，发现其呈周期性坍塌与再激活，与构造应力周期相关。
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This chemosynthetic paradigm reshapes astrobiological thinking: subsurface oceans on icy moons could harbor analogous biospheres.这一化能合成范式重塑了天体生物学认知：冰卫星的地下海洋或可孕育类似生物圈。
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Conservation frameworks now classify active vent fields as ‘ecologically sensitive areas’, restricting mining without baseline biodiversity assessment.保护框架现已将活跃喷口区列为‘生态敏感区’，未经基线生物多样性评估不得开展采矿。
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Studying these systems forces us to redefine life’s energetic boundaries—and reconsider what constitutes a habitable environment.研究这些系统迫使我们重新定义生命所需的能量边界，并反思宜居环境的本质。