世界史关键时刻·英语30篇（2）

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互联网走向公众：从军事工具到全球网络

Developed in the 1960s as ARPANET, the internet began as a U.S. Defense Department project linking university and lab computers for secure data sharing.
The 1983 adoption of TCP/IP protocols allowed different networks to communicate—creating the first true ‘internetwork’.
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web at CERN, designing HTML, URLs, and HTTP to simplify information access across systems.
Unlike earlier networks, the Web was open, free, and built on non-proprietary standards—inviting global participation without permission.
By 1993, Mosaic—the first popular graphical browser—made websites easy to navigate, sparking rapid growth in personal and business use.
Email, online forums, and early search tools like Yahoo! reshaped how people communicated, learned, and formed communities.
Governments deregulated telecom markets, private companies invested heavily in fiber optics, and universities opened campus connections widely.
Critics warned about digital divides, misinformation, and privacy erosion—even as users embraced e-commerce, remote work, and real-time news.
No single country or corporation controls the internet’s infrastructure, though governance remains contested among states, tech firms, and civil society.
Its evolution reflects a rare convergence of public funding, academic openness, entrepreneurial energy, and user-driven innovation.