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How Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation Arises from Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Evolution
锂离子电池退化如何源于固态电解质界面层演化
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During initial charging cycles, electrolyte decomposition forms a nanoscale solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode—essential for stability but inherently resistive.初始充放电过程中，电解液分解在负极表面形成纳米级固态电解质界面（SEI）层——对稳定性至关重要，但本身具有电阻性。
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This SEI grows non-uniformly over time, consuming active lithium ions and increasing internal impedance—manifesting as capacity fade and voltage hysteresis.该SEI层随时间非均匀生长，消耗活性锂离子并增大内阻，表现为容量衰减与电压滞后。
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Electrochemical stress fractures SEI locally, exposing fresh anode surface to further decomposition and irreversible lithium trapping.电化学应力导致SEI局部开裂，暴露出新鲜负极表面，引发进一步分解和不可逆锂捕获。
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High-voltage cathodes (>4.3 V vs. Li/Li⁺) accelerate transition-metal dissolution, migrating ions that catalyze SEI thickening at the anode.高电压正极（>4.3 V vs. Li/Li⁺）加速过渡金属溶出，迁移的离子在负极催化SEI增厚。
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Thermal management systems maintain 25–35°C operation to suppress parasitic side reactions—yet every 10°C rise doubles degradation kinetics.热管理系统将工作温度维持在25–35°C以抑制副反应——但每升高10°C，老化速率翻倍。
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Advanced diagnostics like operando X-ray diffraction track crystalline phase transitions in nickel-rich cathodes correlated with SEI evolution.原位X射线衍射等先进诊断技术可追踪镍基高镍正极晶相转变，并关联SEI演化过程。
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Solid-state batteries replace liquid electrolytes with ceramic or polymer conductors, eliminating SEI formation—but face interfacial resistance challenges.固态电池以陶瓷或聚合物导体替代液态电解质，从根本上消除SEI形成——但面临界面电阻挑战。
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Battery passport initiatives now require manufacturers to disclose SEI growth models for circular economy assessments and second-life repurposing.电池护照倡议现要求制造商公开SEI生长模型，用于循环经济评估及梯次利用。
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Machine learning forecasts state-of-health using voltage relaxation profiles—capturing SEI-related charge-transfer resistance changes.机器学习通过电压弛豫曲线预测健康状态——捕捉SEI相关的电荷转移电阻变化。
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Fundamentally, SEI represents a kinetic compromise: necessary passivation versus progressive electrochemical inefficiency.本质上，SEI是一种动力学折中：既实现必要钝化，又带来持续电化学效率损失。
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Research focuses on artificial SEI layers—atomic-layer-deposited Al₂O₃ or LiF coatings that stabilize interfaces without consuming lithium.当前研究聚焦人工SEI层——如原子层沉积的Al₂O₃或LiF涂层，在不消耗锂的前提下稳定界面。
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Thus, battery longevity hinges not on electrode chemistry alone, but on interfacial thermodynamics governed by nanoscale solid-state electrochemistry.因此，电池寿命不仅取决于电极化学体系，更由纳米尺度固态电化学所主导的界面热力学决定。