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The Invention of Paper in Han Dynasty China
汉代中国：纸的发明
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Before paper, people in China wrote on bamboo strips, silk, or wooden tablets—materials that were heavy or expensive.纸发明之前，中国人在竹简、丝绸或木板上书写——这些材料既笨重又昂贵。
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Around 105 CE, court official Cai Lun improved an earlier method using tree bark, hemp, and rags.约公元105年，宫廷官员蔡伦改进了早期工艺，使用树皮、麻头和破布造纸。
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His process mixed fibers with water, pressed them flat, and dried them into thin, flexible sheets.他的工艺将纤维与水混合，压平后晾干，制成薄而柔韧的纸张。
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Paper spread quickly across government offices, schools, and temples because it was cheap and easy to carry.纸因廉价且便于携带，迅速普及于官府、学校和寺庙。
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Scribes could now copy texts faster, helping preserve Confucian classics and medical knowledge.抄写员得以更快誊抄典籍，助力保存儒家经典与医学知识。
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Over centuries, papermaking reached Central Asia, the Islamic world, and finally Europe by the 12th century.数百年间，造纸术传至中亚、伊斯兰世界，并于12世纪抵达欧洲。
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This invention made books more affordable and helped fuel later movements like the Renaissance.这项发明使书籍更易负担，推动了文艺复兴等后续思潮。
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Without paper, printing, record-keeping, and mass education would have developed much more slowly.若无纸张，印刷、档案管理和大众教育的发展将缓慢得多。