Madagascar’s Rain Shadow: How Topography Dictates Hydrological Destiny

马达加斯加的雨影效应：地形如何决定水文命运

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The eastern escarpment of Madagascar’s central highlands forces moisture-laden southeast trade winds upward, triggering orographic lift that deposits over 3,500 mm of annual rainfall on the windward slopes.
Just 100 km west, the arid Mikea Forest receives less than 600 mm annually—its spiny thickets adapted to extreme seasonality and frequent multi-year droughts.

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