Thermodynamic Limits of Energy Conversion: Why No Engine Achieves 100% Efficiency

课文

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1. The Second Law of Thermodynamics dictates that any heat engine must reject waste heat to a lower-temperature reservoir—making 100% conversion fundamentally impossible, not merely technologically distant.

2. Carnot efficiency sets an absolute ceiling dependent solely on source and sink temperatures; real-world turbines achieve only 40–60% of this theoretical maximum.