Singapore’s Water Security Strategy: From Import Dependence to Engineered Resilience

新加坡水资源安全战略：从进口依赖到工程韧性

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Singapore imports 40% of its water from Malaysia under two bilateral agreements set to expire in 2061 and 2065—creating strategic urgency.
NEWater, purified wastewater meeting WHO standards, now supplies 40% of demand and will reach 55% by 2060 through membrane bioreactor expansion.

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