Why Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Sustain Ecosystems Without Sunlight
为何深海热液喷口能在无阳光条件下维系生态系统
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At depths exceeding 2,500 meters, hydrothermal vents release mineral-rich, superheated fluids heated by Earth’s mantle convection—not solar radiation.
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Chemosynthetic bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide and methane from vent effluents, converting chemical energy into organic carbon via the Calvin-Benson cycle variants.
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