The Non-Aligned Movement and the Diplomacy of Strategic Ambiguity

不结盟运动与战略模糊的外交

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NAM’s 1961 Belgrade summit didn’t declare neutrality—it established protocols for refusing binary choices: accepting Soviet wheat aid while licensing U.S. pharmaceutical patents.
Indonesian diplomats coined ‘active neutrality’, meaning engagement without alignment—hosting U.S. naval exercises while granting Soviet ships repair rights in Surabaya.

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