The North Sea’s Offshore Wind Spatialization and Cumulative Benthic Habitat Transformation

北海海上风电空间布局与海底生境累积性转化

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Over 200 offshore wind farms now occupy designated zones across the North Sea, covering more than 12,000 km² of seabed and water column space.
Monopile foundations create artificial reef effects, increasing local epifaunal biomass but homogenizing sediment composition across formerly heterogeneous sandbanks.

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