The Carpathian Arc’s Forest-Steppe Ecotone Migration and EU Agricultural Subsidy Reallocation Mechanisms

喀尔巴阡弧森林—草原生态过渡带迁移与欧盟农业补贴再分配机制

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Satellite-derived NDVI trends confirm northward and upslope migration of the Carpathian forest-steppe ecotone at average rates of 120 meters per decade since 1990.
This biome shift reflects both climate-driven treeline advancement and post-socialist land abandonment, which enables woody encroachment into formerly managed grasslands.

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