Resource Nationalism and the Geopolitics of Critical Mineral Supply Chains

资源民族主义与关键矿物供应链的地缘政治

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Cobalt refining capacity is concentrated in China (nearly 75%), despite Democratic Republic of Congo supplying over 70% of mined output—creating strategic asymmetry far beyond extraction control.
Export restrictions on graphite, lithium, and rare earths announced by Indonesia and Zimbabwe since 2022 reflect deliberate policy shifts toward downstream value capture, not mere rent-seeking.

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