STEM与日常科技·英语30篇（2）

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自动驾驶分级L0到L5

Level 0 means no automation — the driver handles steering, braking, and monitoring entirely, even with warning systems.
Level 1 adds either adaptive cruise control or lane-keeping assist, but only one function at a time, requiring constant supervision.
Level 2 combines both features, like Tesla Autopilot or Subaru EyeSight, yet drivers must keep hands on the wheel and eyes on the road.
Level 3 allows hands-off driving in specific zones — such as highways — but drivers must take over within seconds when the system requests it.
Level 4 vehicles operate fully without human input in pre-mapped areas, like robotaxis in downtown Phoenix or Munich.
Level 5 has no steering wheel or pedals at all — it drives anywhere a human could, under any weather or road condition.
Regulators require rigorous testing: millions of miles driven virtually and on real roads before approving Level 3+ systems.
Legal responsibility shifts from driver to manufacturer at Level 4 and above — a major change in insurance and liability law.
Current consumer cars max out at Level 2+, while commercial robotaxi fleets are slowly expanding Level 4 operations globally.
True Level 5 remains distant because sensors still struggle with rare edge cases like obscured signs or unpredictable pedestrian behavior.