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The Treaty of Gulistan and the Reconfiguration of Caucasus Sovereignty
《古利斯坦条约》与高加索主权格局的重构
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Signed in 1813 after Russia’s decisive victory over Qajar Persia, the Treaty of Gulistan redrew borders across the South Caucasus with minimal local consultation.1813年，俄国在对卡扎尔波斯的决定性胜利后签署《古利斯坦条约》，几乎未经当地协商便重新划定了南高加索边界。
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It ceded Karabakh, Ganja, and Shirvan to St. Petersburg, transforming centuries-old khanates into imperial provinces governed by Russian civil-military administrators.条约将卡拉巴赫、甘贾和希尔万割让给圣彼得堡，将延续数百年的汗国转变为由俄方军政官员管辖的帝国行省。
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Persian diplomatic protests emphasized broken oaths and Islamic solidarity, yet European powers treated the agreement as routine geopolitical adjustment.波斯外交抗议强调誓言遭毁及伊斯兰团结原则，但欧洲列强仅视其为寻常的地缘政治调整。
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Local Armenian and Azerbaijani elites navigated shifting allegiances—some petitioning Tsarist courts, others preserving Persian patronage networks covertly.当地亚美尼亚与阿塞拜疆精英在 allegiance 间灵活周旋——有人向沙皇法庭请愿，有人则暗中维系波斯庇护网络。
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Russian cartographers immediately produced new maps demarcating ‘legitimate’ sovereignty, while ignoring tribal jurisdictions and seasonal migration routes.俄国制图师立即绘制新地图，标定所谓‘合法’主权范围，却无视部落管辖权与季节性迁徙路线。
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The treaty’s ambiguous clauses on taxation and religious autonomy enabled decades of administrative reinterpretation favoring Orthodox institutions.条约中关于税收与宗教自治的模糊条款，为数十年行政再诠释铺路，使东正教机构持续获益。
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Unlike earlier Ottoman-Russian treaties, Gulistan formalized direct annexation rather than vassalage—marking a shift toward bureaucratic integration over suzerainty.与此前奥斯曼—俄国条约不同，《古利斯坦条约》确立直接兼并而非藩属关系，标志治理重心从宗主权转向官僚整合。
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Its enforcement relied heavily on Cossack outposts and resettlement policies that displaced pastoral communities to consolidate agrarian control.条约执行严重依赖哥萨克哨所与移民安置政策，驱逐游牧社群以强化农业控制。
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Modern disputes over Nagorno-Karabakh trace legal genealogies back to Gulistan’s arbitrary boundary lines and unenforceable minority guarantees.当今纳戈尔诺—卡拉巴赫争端的法律渊源，可追溯至《古利斯坦条约》武断划定的边界及无法落实的少数族群保障条款。
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The treaty thus functioned less as a stable settlement than as an open-ended administrative charter inviting continual renegotiation.该条约因而并非稳定解决方案，而是一份开放式的行政宪章，持续邀请各方重新谈判。
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Archival evidence shows Persian clerics and Armenian bishops lobbying both Tehran and St. Petersburg simultaneously—revealing sovereignty as performative, not absolute.档案显示，波斯神职人员与亚美尼亚主教同时向德黑兰与圣彼得堡游说——揭示主权实为表演性建构，而非绝对事实。
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Gulistan’s legacy endures not in its text but in how it normalized external arbitration of ethnic and territorial claims across Eurasia.《古利斯坦条约》的遗产不在于文本本身，而在于它将欧亚大陆民族与领土主张交由外部仲裁的做法常态化。