历史小径·世界史英语30篇（4）
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The Printing Press: When Books Stopped Being Rare
印刷机：当书籍不再稀有
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Before 1440, books in Europe were copied by hand — slow, expensive, and full of errors.
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Johannes Gutenberg combined movable metal type, oil-based ink, and a modified wine press to print efficiently.
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His first major work was the Latin Bible, produced in about 200 copies between 1454 and 1455.
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Within 50 years, printing presses operated in over 200 European cities, producing millions of pages.
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Scholars could now compare texts, spot mistakes, and build knowledge more reliably than ever before.
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Religious reformers like Martin Luther used printed pamphlets to reach ordinary people directly.
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Schools began teaching reading more widely because affordable books made learning practical and accessible.
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This technology did not cause change alone, but it multiplied the speed and scale of every other idea.