历史小径·世界史英语30篇（4）
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The Printing Press: When Books Stopped Being Rare
印刷机：当书籍不再稀有
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Before 1440, books in Europe were copied by hand — slow, expensive, and full of errors.1440年之前，欧洲的书籍全靠手抄，速度慢、成本高，且错误百出。
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Johannes Gutenberg combined movable metal type, oil-based ink, and a modified wine press to print efficiently.约翰内斯·古腾堡将活字金属印版、油性油墨和改良的葡萄酒压榨机结合，实现了高效印刷。
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His first major work was the Latin Bible, produced in about 200 copies between 1454 and 1455.他的首部重要作品是拉丁文《圣经》，于1454至1455年间印制约200册。
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Within 50 years, printing presses operated in over 200 European cities, producing millions of pages.短短50年内，印刷机已遍布欧洲200多座城市，印制数以百万计的书页。
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Scholars could now compare texts, spot mistakes, and build knowledge more reliably than ever before.学者如今能比以往更可靠地比对文本、发现错误，并系统构建知识。
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Religious reformers like Martin Luther used printed pamphlets to reach ordinary people directly.马丁·路德等宗教改革者借助印刷小册子，直接向普通民众传播思想。
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Schools began teaching reading more widely because affordable books made learning practical and accessible.因平价书籍使学习变得切实可行且易于获取，学校开始更广泛地教授阅读。
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This technology did not cause change alone, but it multiplied the speed and scale of every other idea.这项技术本身并未单独引发变革，却极大加速并扩大了其他一切思想的传播。