身边的经济学·社会常识英语30篇（5）
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How Cross-Border Data Flows Create New Trade Barriers—and Rules
跨境数据流动如何催生新型贸易壁垒与规则
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Data transfers now underpin over 40% of global services trade, from finance to logistics.
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Countries impose localization rules requiring foreign firms to store citizen data domestically.
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These policies aim to protect privacy but also restrict market access for digital service providers.
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The EU’s GDPR sets strict consent and portability standards that affect global operations.
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Trade agreements increasingly include dedicated digital chapters with binding data provisions.
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Firms must navigate conflicting laws when operating across jurisdictions like Japan, Brazil, and India.
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Data sovereignty concerns have led some nations to tax cloud computing services directly.
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Regulators assess compliance through audits rather than traditional customs inspections.
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Even small exporters face high legal costs to meet multiple national data regimes.
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New multilateral frameworks seek interoperable standards without compromising local oversight.