身边的经济学·社会常识英语30篇（5）

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跨境数据流动如何催生新型贸易壁垒与规则

Data transfers now underpin over 40% of global services trade, from finance to logistics.
Countries impose localization rules requiring foreign firms to store citizen data domestically.
These policies aim to protect privacy but also restrict market access for digital service providers.
The EU’s GDPR sets strict consent and portability standards that affect global operations.
Trade agreements increasingly include dedicated digital chapters with binding data provisions.
Firms must navigate conflicting laws when operating across jurisdictions like Japan, Brazil, and India.
Data sovereignty concerns have led some nations to tax cloud computing services directly.
Regulators assess compliance through audits rather than traditional customs inspections.
Even small exporters face high legal costs to meet multiple national data regimes.
New multilateral frameworks seek interoperable standards without compromising local oversight.