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Why Ice Floats on Water Due to Hydrogen Bonding Expansion
冰为何因氢键扩张而浮于水面?
精读先不看文字,完整听一遍。
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When water freezes, hydrogen bonds lock molecules into an open hexagonal lattice structure.水结冰时,氢键将分子锁定成开放的六方晶格结构。
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This arrangement increases volume by about 9%, making ice less dense than liquid water.这种排列使体积增加约9%,导致冰的密度低于液态水。
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Most substances contract when solidifying, but water is uniquely anomalous for this reason.多数物质凝固时会收缩,但水因这一特性而异常独特。
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Floating ice insulates lakes and rivers, allowing aquatic life to survive winter below.漂浮的冰层能为湖泊和河流保温,使水下生物得以在冬季存活。
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Hydrogen bonding causes strong intermolecular attraction that resists compression in solid state.氢键造成强分子间吸引力,使固态冰难以被压缩。
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The density minimum occurs at 4°C, which is why colder water rises toward the surface.水在4°C时密度最大,因此更冷的水反而会上升至水面。
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Engineers design cold-climate infrastructure knowing ice exerts upward pressure on structures.工程师在设计寒区基础设施时,会考虑冰对结构产生的向上压力。
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Oceanographers track freshwater input from melting glaciers using salinity and density profiles.海洋学家通过盐度和密度剖面追踪冰川融化带来的淡水输入。
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Without this property, lakes would freeze solid from bottom up, ending most freshwater ecosystems.若无此特性,湖泊将自底部向上完全冻结,终结大多数淡水生态系统。
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Scientists study ice nucleation to improve cryopreservation techniques for medical tissues.科学家研究冰晶成核过程,以改进医学组织的低温保存技术。
精读 · 大约 10 分钟
听 → 读 → 学表达 → 懂 → 今天会说这一句 → 跟读录音 → 自己说一句。
③ 学 · 重点表达
- Engineers design cold-climate infrastructure knowing ice exerts upward pressure on structures. 工程师在设计寒区基础设施时,会考虑冰对结构产生的向上压力。
- Scientists study ice nucleation to improve cryopreservation techniques for medical tissues. 科学家研究冰晶成核过程,以改进医学组织的低温保存技术。
- Hydrogen bonding causes strong intermolecular attraction that resists compression in solid state. 氢键造成强分子间吸引力,使固态冰难以被压缩。
④ 懂 · 选一选
⑤ 今天会说这一句
Engineers design cold-climate infrastructure knowing ice exerts upward pressure on structures.
⑥ 跟读并录音
Engineers design cold-climate infrastructure knowing ice exerts upward pressure on structures.
第一版:录下来、回听、再听标准音。系统打分以后再加。
⑦ 说 · 自己来一句
用今天的表达,自己说一句。
例子:Engineers design cold-climate infrastructure knowing ice exerts upward pressure on structures.
已记下。连续天数以后会显示在课表里。
陈老师指导
课程开发中,敬请期待。成人和孩子都可以先自学听读、精读。
这边的讲解音轨还在做。想先跟着老师走完固定 30 课,可以去陈老师带读社(和自学通行不是同一份会员)。
课程开发中,敬请期待。