世界史关键时刻·英语30篇（1）
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The Invention of Writing in Ancient Sumer
苏美尔文字的诞生
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Around 3400 BCE, people in southern Mesopotamia began pressing wedge-shaped marks into soft clay.约公元前3400年，南美索不达米亚人开始在软泥板上压刻楔形符号。
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These early symbols recorded grain deliveries, temple offerings, and trade agreements.这些早期符号用于记录谷物交付、神庙供奉和贸易协议。
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Scribes trained for years to master hundreds of signs that represented both sounds and meanings.书吏需经多年训练，才能掌握数百个既表音又表意的符号。
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Unlike pictures, cuneiform could express abstract ideas like 'justice' or 'eternity'.与图画不同，楔形文字能表达‘正义’‘永恒’等抽象概念。
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Writing allowed laws, stories, and religious texts to survive across generations.文字使法律、故事和宗教典籍得以跨越世代传承。
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Temples and palaces employed scribes to manage growing economic complexity.神庙与王宫雇用书吏，以应对日益复杂的经济事务。
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Over time, the script spread to Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians with local adaptations.随着时间推移，这种文字传播至阿卡德人、巴比伦人和亚述人，并衍生出本地化变体。
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This innovation marked humanity’s first step from memory-based to record-based civilization.这一创新标志着人类首次从依赖记忆的文明迈入依托记录的文明。