世界史关键时刻·英语30篇（1）
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The Printing Press and the Spread of Ideas
印刷术与思想传播
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Around 1440, Johannes Gutenberg combined movable metal type, oil-based ink, and a wine press to print books efficiently.约1440年，约翰内斯·古腾堡将活字金属印刷、油性油墨与葡萄酒压榨机结合，实现了书籍的高效印刷。
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His Bible, completed in 1455, showed how identical pages could replace hand-copied manuscripts with errors.他于1455年完成的《圣经》展示了如何用完全一致的印页取代错误百出的手抄本。
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Within 50 years, over 200 European cities had printing houses producing theology, law, medicine, and poetry.短短50年内，欧洲逾200座城市建起印刷所，出版神学、法律、医学及诗歌类书籍。
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Luther’s 95 Theses spread rapidly because printers reproduced them in German, not just Latin.路德的《九十五条论纲》迅速传播，得益于印刷商将其译成德语而非仅用拉丁语印制。
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Schools began teaching reading more widely, and women started publishing devotional works and letters.学校开始更广泛地教授阅读，女性也开始出版宗教灵修作品和书信。
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Maps, star charts, and herbals gained accuracy as illustrations were standardized across editions.地图、星图和草药图谱因各版本插图趋于统一而日益精准。
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Censorship increased too, as churches and states tried to control what could be printed and sold.与此同时，教会与国家加强审查，力图管控可印刷与销售的内容。
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Still, the press made knowledge more accessible—and debate more unavoidable—than ever before.然而，印刷术前所未有地扩大了知识的可及性，也使争论变得无可回避。