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Thirty Years’ War: Birth of the Nation-State

三十年战争：民族国家的雏形

Thirty Years’ War: Birth of the Nation-State

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  1. Fought from 1618 to 1648, this war began as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Central Europe.

  2. But it quickly involved France, Sweden, Spain, and the Dutch Republic — turning into a struggle for political power.

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