Historical Humanities Extension: Independent Reading (2026-D039)

历史人文延展阅读·独立成篇（2026-D039）

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The 17th-century Ottoman *mühür* (seal) collection in Topkapı Palace contains over 3,200 wax impressions—each documenting diplomatic recognition, tax exemptions, or trade privileges granted to foreign envoys.
Unlike European chanceries that prioritized textual authenticity, Ottoman scribes treated the seal impression itself as legally operative—even when detached from original documents.

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