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Trade Policy as Industrial Strategy: Beyond Tariffs to Input Access, Standards, and Learning Externalities

贸易政策作为产业战略：超越关税，聚焦投入品获取、标准制定与学习溢出效应

Trade Policy as Industrial Strategy: Beyond Tariffs to Input Access, Standards, and Learning Externalities

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  1. Modern trade policy increasingly functions as industrial strategy—shaping domestic capabilities through rules governing inputs, standards, and knowledge flows.

  2. Tariff reductions matter less today than non-tariff measures affecting certification, data localization, and interoperability requirements.

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