The Iroquois Confederacy and Early Modern Diplomatic Protocol
易洛魁联盟与近代早期外交仪轨
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Long before European treaties codified diplomatic norms, the Haudenosaunee developed a sophisticated confederate system grounded in consensus and symbolic reciprocity.
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Wampum belts served not merely as ornaments but as durable, performative texts encoding alliances, grievances, and obligations among nations.
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