From Chang’an to Kaifeng: Urban Reconfiguration in Tang–Song Transition
从长安到开封:唐宋之际的城市重构
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Chang’an’s rigid grid and walled坊 (fang) system reflected Tang imperial ideology, enforcing strict residential zoning and curfew-based control.
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By contrast, Kaifeng’s organic street network emerged alongside market-driven density, where commercial lanes replaced administrative boundaries.
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