Hainan Island Typhoon Trajectories: Urban Coastal Planning, Mangrove Buffer Zones, and Evacuation Equity

海南岛台风路径：滨海城市规划、红树林缓冲带与疏散公平性

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Hainan’s typhoon exposure has intensified since 2010, with Category 3+ landfalls increasing 40%—driven by warmer South China Sea sea-surface temperatures and weakened steering winds.
Haikou’s new coastal boulevard features elevated walkways and flood-adaptive street lighting, yet informal fishing settlements remain excluded from municipal drainage upgrades despite occupying highest-risk intertidal zones.

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