Urban Metabolism: How Cities Consume, Transform, and Discard Resources

城市代谢：城市如何消耗、转化与废弃资源

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A megacity like Tokyo consumes over 10 million tons of construction materials annually—more than many nations produce in a year.
Urban metabolism analysis tracks material flows not just in tons, but in embodied energy, water footprint, and labor value across supply chains.

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