The Material Culture of Treaty Ratification

条约批准的物质文化

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The 1842 Treaty of Nanking wasn’t ratified with signatures alone—the Qing delegation presented a jade seal carved from imperial mountain stone, signifying irreversible commitment.
British ratification involved wax seals pressed with the Great Seal of the Realm, melted and reapplied annually to affirm continuity—materializing sovereignty as cyclical renewal.

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