The Treaty of Westphalia as Administrative Protocol, Not Peace Ideology

课文

从第 4 课起，导读页仅展示部分正文，便于您了解难度与风格。

1. The 1648 treaties are routinely mischaracterized as founding ‘sovereign equality’—yet they contain no such phrase and establish no universal principle.

2. Instead, they functioned as a highly specific administrative framework for resolving overlapping jurisdictional claims among over 300 German principalities.