How Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Chimneys Sustain Chemosynthetic Ecosystems Independent of Solar Energy
深海热液喷口烟囱如何支撑不依赖太阳能的化能合成生态系统
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Hydrothermal vent chimneys form when superheated, mineral-laden seawater meets cold ocean water, precipitating metal sulfides into porous tower structures.
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Chemical energy from reduced compounds—especially hydrogen sulfide and methane—fuels autotrophic bacteria via enzymatic oxidation pathways.
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