The Han Tribute System and the Calculus of Asymmetrical Sovereignty

汉代朝贡体系与不对称主权的理性计算

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Far from symbolic ritual, the Han dynasty’s tribute framework encoded precise calculations of military exposure, logistical capacity, and diplomatic leverage among steppe and oasis polities.
Envoys from Xiongnu chieftains received ranked stipends calibrated to their confederation’s cavalry strength and proximity to frontier garrisons.

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