The Timurid Observatory at Samarkand and the Institutionalization of Astronomical Uncertainty

帖木儿王朝撒马尔罕天文台与天文不确定性的制度化

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Ulug Beg’s fifteenth-century observatory did not seek celestial certainty but systematically cataloged observational variance across instruments, seasons, and observer teams.
Its star charts included marginalia noting discrepancies between brass sextants, water clocks, and meridian circles—treating error as data, not failure.

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