The Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Cartographic Negotiation of Ecological Sovereignty
《尼布楚条约》与生态主权的制图学协商
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Signed in 1689 between Qing China and Tsarist Russia, the Treaty of Nerchinsk used river courses, mountain ridges, and seasonal hunting grounds—not abstract latitudes—as legally binding boundary markers.
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Qing negotiators insisted on Manchu-language maps annotated with tribal migration patterns and tribute-collection circuits, rejecting Russian attempts to impose Euclidean surveying grids.
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