The Meiji Restoration and the Export of Bureaucratic Rationality

明治维新与官僚理性主义的输出

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Japan’s 1871 Iwakura Mission didn’t seek Western technology alone; its delegates studied Prussian civil-service exams, British postal routing algorithms, and French cadastral survey methods.
Tokyo’s 1873 Land Tax Reform used French surveying techniques not to exploit peasants, but to replace feudal rice tributes with predictable, cash-based assessments—enabling bond issuance for railroads.

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