The Western Ghats’ Orographic Precipitation Shadow and Monsoon-Dependent Hydropower Spatial Vulnerability Mapping

西高止山脉地形降水阴影效应与季风依赖型水电的空间脆弱性制图

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The Western Ghats generate India’s steepest orographic precipitation gradient, delivering over 3,000 mm annually on windward slopes while leeward valleys receive less than 600 mm.
Monsoon onset variability now exceeds ±18 days—double the pre-1990 range—causing cascading failures in hydropower scheduling algorithms calibrated to historical norms.

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