Mediterranean Climate Change Adaptation and the Urban Water-Energy-Food Nexus
地中海气候变迁适应：城市水-能-粮纽带
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Barcelona’s 2023 drought emergency triggered tiered water rationing, mandatory reductions in golf course irrigation, and accelerated seawater desalination plant commissioning.
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Desalination provides 20% of Barcelona’s potable water but consumes 3.5 kWh/m³—making it energetically unsustainable without concurrent solar PV deployment.
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