十万个为什么·科学启蒙30篇（1）
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How Do Octopuses Change Color So Fast?
章鱼如何如此快速地改变颜色？
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Octopuses have special skin cells called chromatophores filled with colorful pigments.
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Each chromatophore has tiny muscles that expand or shrink the pigment spot instantly.
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They also use iridophores and leucophores to reflect light and create shimmering effects.
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Their eyes detect surrounding colors and patterns, then send signals to the skin.
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Unlike chameleons, octopuses control color change consciously—not just by mood or temperature.
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Some species match complex textures by raising skin bumps called papillae.
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This camouflage helps them hide from predators and sneak up on prey silently.
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A single octopus can shift its whole appearance in less than a second.
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Even blind octopuses change color if their skin senses light directly.
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Scientists study their skin to design new adaptive materials for robots and clothing.