十万个为什么·科学启蒙30篇（1）

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太阳能电池板如何把阳光变成电？

Solar panels contain silicon layers that form an electric field when sunlight hits them.
Photons from sunlight knock electrons loose from silicon atoms inside the panel.
These free electrons flow in one direction, creating direct current (DC) electricity.
Metal contacts on the panel collect the electrons and send them through wires.
An inverter then changes DC into alternating current (AC), which powers most homes.
Efficiency depends on light angle, temperature, and how clean the panel surface is.
Even on cloudy days, panels still generate some power using diffuse sunlight.
Multiple panels linked together form an array that scales up total energy output.
Silicon isn’t the only material—scientists now test perovskites for cheaper, flexible options.
This clean process makes solar energy one of the fastest-growing power sources worldwide.