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Why Public Goods Resist Market Provision
为什么公共品难以由市场供给
精读先不看文字，完整听一遍。
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Public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, making private profit difficult to capture.公共物品具有非排他性和非竞争性，私人难以从中获利。
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Once a lighthouse shines, ships cannot be charged individually for its light.灯塔一旦亮起，就无法向每艘船单独收费。
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Firms avoid investing in such goods because users can benefit without paying—the free-rider problem.企业不愿投资这类商品，因为用户可以免费受益——即‘搭便车’问题。
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National defense, clean air, and street lighting all share these traits.国防、清洁空气和街灯都具备这些特征。
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Markets underproduce them unless governments step in with funding or regulation.若无政府出资或监管，市场会供给不足。
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Voluntary contributions rarely cover full costs due to coordination and trust issues.由于协调困难和信任缺失，自愿捐款通常难以覆盖全部成本。
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Even digital public goods like open-source software rely on subsidies or donations.即便是开源软件等数字公共物品，也依赖补贴或捐赠。
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Local governments often fund parks and libraries because their benefits spill across neighborhoods.地方政府常出资建设公园和图书馆，因其效益惠及周边社区。
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Assigning property rights to clean rivers or stable climate remains legally and technically complex.为清洁河流或稳定气候界定产权，在法律和技术上均十分复杂。
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Thus, public provision fills gaps where markets naturally stall or fail.因此，公共供给填补了市场自然停滞或失灵的空白。
精读 · 大约 10 分钟
听 → 读 → 学表达 → 懂 → 今天会说这一句 → 跟读录音 → 自己说一句。
③ 学 · 重点表达
- National defense, clean air, and street lighting all share these traits. 国防、清洁空气和街灯都具备这些特征。
- Markets underproduce them unless governments step in with funding or regulation. 若无政府出资或监管，市场会供给不足。
- Thus, public provision fills gaps where markets naturally stall or fail. 因此，公共供给填补了市场自然停滞或失灵的空白。
④ 懂 · 选一选
⑤ 今天会说这一句
National defense, clean air, and street lighting all share these traits.
⑥ 跟读并录音
National defense, clean air, and street lighting all share these traits.
第一版：录下来、回听、再听标准音。系统打分以后再加。
⑦ 说 · 自己来一句
用今天的表达，自己说一句。
例子：National defense, clean air, and street lighting all share these traits.
已记下。连续天数以后会显示在课表里。
陈老师指导
课程开发中，敬请期待。成人和孩子都可以先自学听读、精读。
这边的讲解音轨还在做。想先跟着老师走完固定 30 课，可以去陈老师带读社（和自学通行不是同一份会员）。
课程开发中，敬请期待。