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Athenian Democracy: Voice and Limits
雅典民主：声音与边界
精读先不看文字，完整听一遍。
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Around 508 BCE, Cleisthenes reorganized Athens’ tribes and introduced citizen assemblies open to all free men.公元前508年左右，克利斯提尼重组了雅典的部落，并设立向所有自由男性开放的公民大会。
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Male citizens over 18 could speak, vote, and serve on juries — but women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded.年满18岁的男性公民可发言、投票并担任陪审员，但妇女、奴隶和外邦人被排除在外。
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Officials were chosen by lot, not election, to prevent wealthy families from dominating public office.官员通过抽签而非选举产生，以防富裕家族垄断公职。
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The Assembly met forty times yearly on the Pnyx hill, debating war, law, and religious festivals.公民大会每年在普尼克斯山召开四十次，讨论战争、法律和宗教节庆等事务。
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Socrates questioned democracy’s wisdom, asking whether voting required knowledge — or just citizenship.苏格拉底质疑民主的智慧，追问投票究竟需要知识，还是仅凭公民身份即可？
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Ostracism let citizens exile dangerous leaders for ten years without trial — a safeguard against tyranny.陶片放逐法允许公民不经审判将危险领袖流放十年，以防范暴政。
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Despite its limits, Athens’ system inspired later thinkers like Locke and Rousseau centuries later.尽管存在局限，雅典的制度数百年后仍启发了洛克、卢梭等思想家。
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Citizens funded plays and temples, believing culture strengthened shared identity and civic pride.公民出资资助戏剧演出和神庙建设，认为文化能强化共同认同与 civic 骄傲。
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Democracy here was direct, local, and demanding — requiring time, travel, and active participation.这里的民主是直接的、地方性的、高参与度的——要求时间、奔波与积极投入。
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It proved that collective decision-making could work, even if only for a small, privileged group.它证明了集体决策可行，哪怕仅限于少数特权群体。
精读 · 大约 10 分钟
听 → 读 → 学表达 → 懂 → 今天会说这一句 → 跟读录音 → 自己说一句。
③ 学 · 重点表达
- Socrates questioned democracy’s wisdom, asking whether voting required knowledge — or just citizenship. 苏格拉底质疑民主的智慧，追问投票究竟需要知识，还是仅凭公民身份即可？
- Citizens funded plays and temples, believing culture strengthened shared identity and civic pride. 公民出资资助戏剧演出和神庙建设，认为文化能强化共同认同与 civic 骄傲。
- Despite its limits, Athens’ system inspired later thinkers like Locke and Rousseau centuries later. 尽管存在局限，雅典的制度数百年后仍启发了洛克、卢梭等思想家。
④ 懂 · 选一选
⑤ 今天会说这一句
Socrates questioned democracy’s wisdom, asking whether voting required knowledge — or just citizenship.
⑥ 跟读并录音
Socrates questioned democracy’s wisdom, asking whether voting required knowledge — or just citizenship.
第一版：录下来、回听、再听标准音。系统打分以后再加。
⑦ 说 · 自己来一句
用今天的表达，自己说一句。
例子：Socrates questioned democracy’s wisdom, asking whether voting required knowledge — or just citizenship.
已记下。连续天数以后会显示在课表里。
陈老师指导
课程开发中，敬请期待。成人和孩子都可以先自学听读、精读。
这边的讲解音轨还在做。想先跟着老师走完固定 30 课，可以去陈老师带读社（和自学通行不是同一份会员）。
课程开发中，敬请期待。