身边的经济学·社会常识英语30篇（2）

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人口老龄化对养老金体系的压力

As life expectancy rises and birth rates fall, more retirees depend on fewer workers.
Pay-as-you-go pension systems rely on current workers’ taxes to fund retirees’ benefits.
When the worker-to-retiree ratio drops, funding shortfalls become harder to avoid.
Governments may raise retirement ages, cut benefits, or increase payroll taxes.
Some countries introduce mandatory private pension savings to reduce public burden.
Demographic shifts also pressure healthcare budgets, which compete for fiscal space.
Delayed reforms risk sudden policy shocks that hurt vulnerable age groups.
Immigration can ease labor shortages but does not fully offset aging trends.
Pension sustainability now requires long-term planning across generations.
Actuarial forecasts help policymakers anticipate funding gaps before crises emerge.