身边的经济学·社会常识英语30篇（2）
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Aging Populations and Pension System Strain
人口老龄化对养老金体系的压力
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As life expectancy rises and birth rates fall, more retirees depend on fewer workers.
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Pay-as-you-go pension systems rely on current workers’ taxes to fund retirees’ benefits.
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When the worker-to-retiree ratio drops, funding shortfalls become harder to avoid.
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Governments may raise retirement ages, cut benefits, or increase payroll taxes.
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Some countries introduce mandatory private pension savings to reduce public burden.
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Demographic shifts also pressure healthcare budgets, which compete for fiscal space.
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Delayed reforms risk sudden policy shocks that hurt vulnerable age groups.
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Immigration can ease labor shortages but does not fully offset aging trends.
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Pension sustainability now requires long-term planning across generations.
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Actuarial forecasts help policymakers anticipate funding gaps before crises emerge.