身边的经济学·社会常识英语30篇（2）
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Universal Basic Income: Core Trade-Offs
全民基本收入：核心权衡框架
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UBI proposes regular cash payments to all citizens regardless of employment status.
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Proponents argue it simplifies welfare, reduces bureaucracy, and supports dignity.
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Critics worry about affordability, labor supply disincentives, and inflationary pressures.
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Funding options include higher income taxes, VAT hikes, or redirected subsidies.
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Pilot programs show modest labor reductions, mainly among caregivers and students.
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UBI differs from traditional welfare by eliminating means-testing and conditionality.
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Its success depends on national fiscal capacity and social consensus on fairness.
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Design choices—like payment level and universality—affect both cost and equity outcomes.
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Some economists see UBI as insurance against automation-driven job loss.
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Debates continue over whether it complements or replaces existing safety nets.