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The Code of Hammurabi: Law Carved in Stone
汉谟拉比法典：镌刻于石的律法
精读先不看文字，完整听一遍。
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Around 1754 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon ordered his laws to be inscribed on a tall black stele.约公元前1754年，巴比伦国王汉谟拉比下令将他的法律刻在一座高大的黑色石碑上。
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This ancient code contained nearly 282 rules covering crime, trade, family life, and labor relations.这部古老法典包含近282条规则，涵盖犯罪、贸易、家庭生活和劳资关系。
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Each law followed a clear 'if-then' structure that made justice predictable for citizens across the empire.每条法律均采用清晰的‘如果……那么……’结构，使帝国各地民众得以预见司法结果。
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Scribes copied these laws onto clay tablets so that judges and local officials could apply them consistently.书吏将这些法律抄写在泥板上，供法官和地方官员统一适用。
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Unlike earlier traditions, Hammurabi’s code treated social class as relevant but still required proof before punishment.与早期传统不同，汉谟拉比法典虽考虑社会等级，但仍要求先有证据方可施罚。
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Its famous principle 'an eye for an eye' aimed to limit revenge while affirming state authority over justice.其著名的‘以眼还眼’原则旨在限制私力复仇，同时确立国家对司法权的垄断。
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The stele was discovered in 1901 in modern-day Iran, revealing how early states used writing to unify legal practice.该石碑于1901年在今伊朗境内被发现，揭示了早期国家如何借助文字统一法律实践。
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Scholars believe this code helped Babylon maintain order during rapid urban growth and cultural mixing.学者认为，这部法典助力巴比伦在城市快速扩张与文化交融时期维持社会秩序。
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It influenced later legal systems in Assyria, Persia, and even aspects of Hebrew and Roman law.它影响了后来亚述、波斯的法律体系，甚至希伯来法与罗马法的部分内容。
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Though harsh by modern standards, it marked a major step toward codified, public governance.尽管按现代标准显得严苛，但它标志着成文法与公共治理迈出的重要一步。
精读 · 大约 10 分钟
听 → 读 → 学表达 → 懂 → 今天会说这一句 → 跟读录音 → 自己说一句。
③ 学 · 重点表达
- Though harsh by modern standards, it marked a major step toward codified, public governance. 尽管按现代标准显得严苛，但它标志着成文法与公共治理迈出的重要一步。
- This ancient code contained nearly 282 rules covering crime, trade, family life, and labor relations. 这部古老法典包含近282条规则，涵盖犯罪、贸易、家庭生活和劳资关系。
- Scholars believe this code helped Babylon maintain order during rapid urban growth and cultural mixing. 学者认为，这部法典助力巴比伦在城市快速扩张与文化交融时期维持社会秩序。
④ 懂 · 选一选
⑤ 今天会说这一句
Though harsh by modern standards, it marked a major step toward codified, public governance.
⑥ 跟读并录音
Though harsh by modern standards, it marked a major step toward codified, public governance.
第一版：录下来、回听、再听标准音。系统打分以后再加。
⑦ 说 · 自己来一句
用今天的表达，自己说一句。
例子：Though harsh by modern standards, it marked a major step toward codified, public governance.
已记下。连续天数以后会显示在课表里。
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