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The Han Dynasty Civil Service: Merit Over Birth
汉代文官制度：以才取士，不问出身
精读先不看文字，完整听一遍。
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Beginning in the 2nd century BCE, Han emperors gradually replaced aristocratic appointments with examinations for government posts.自公元前2世纪起，汉朝皇帝逐步以考试选官取代贵族世袭任命。
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Candidates studied Confucian classics, history, law, and administrative writing to demonstrate both knowledge and virtue.考生需研习儒家经典、历史、法律和公文写作，以展现学识与德行。
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Though initially limited to elite families, the system opened pathways for talented sons of minor officials and landowners.虽起初仅限于世家大族，该制度却为低级官员和地主的优秀子弟开辟了晋升之路。
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Local officials recommended promising men, who then faced written tests graded anonymously to reduce bias.地方官员推荐优秀青年，再由匿名阅卷的笔试筛选，以减少偏见。
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Successful candidates entered training schools before serving in provinces where they enforced taxes, kept records, and resolved disputes.通过者先进入培训学校，再赴各地任职，负责征税、记账与调解纠纷。
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This merit-based model strengthened central control while reducing regional warlord influence across China’s vast territory.这一任人唯贤的模式强化了中央集权，削弱了中国广袤疆域内地方军阀的势力。
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Over time, scholarly achievement became more valued than noble birth, shifting social prestige toward education.久而久之，学术成就渐比出身门第更受推崇，社会声望转向教育。
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The system persisted—with adaptations—for over two thousand years until its abolition in 1905.该制度历经调整，延续两千余年，直至1905年废止。
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It inspired civil service reforms in Korea, Vietnam, and later in 19th-century Britain and the United States.它影响了朝鲜、越南的文官制度，并在19世纪启发了英国和美国的公务员改革。
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More than bureaucracy, it represented an enduring ideal: that wisdom and fairness should govern nations.它不仅是一种官僚体系，更承载着一种持久理想：治国应凭智慧与公正。
精读 · 大约 10 分钟
听 → 读 → 学表达 → 懂 → 今天会说这一句 → 跟读录音 → 自己说一句。
③ 学 · 重点表达
- The system persisted—with adaptations—for over two thousand years until its abolition in 1905. 该制度历经调整，延续两千余年，直至1905年废止。
- Candidates studied Confucian classics, history, law, and administrative writing to demonstrate both knowledge and virtue. 考生需研习儒家经典、历史、法律和公文写作，以展现学识与德行。
- Local officials recommended promising men, who then faced written tests graded anonymously to reduce bias. 地方官员推荐优秀青年，再由匿名阅卷的笔试筛选，以减少偏见。
④ 懂 · 选一选
⑤ 今天会说这一句
The system persisted—with adaptations—for over two thousand years until its abolition in 1905.
⑥ 跟读并录音
The system persisted—with adaptations—for over two thousand years until its abolition in 1905.
第一版：录下来、回听、再听标准音。系统打分以后再加。
⑦ 说 · 自己来一句
用今天的表达，自己说一句。
例子：The system persisted—with adaptations—for over two thousand years until its abolition in 1905.
已记下。连续天数以后会显示在课表里。
陈老师指导
课程开发中，敬请期待。成人和孩子都可以先自学听读、精读。
这边的讲解音轨还在做。想先跟着老师走完固定 30 课，可以去陈老师带读社（和自学通行不是同一份会员）。
课程开发中，敬请期待。