历史小径·世界史英语30篇（5）
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The Black Death: A Pandemic That Changed Europe
黑死病：改变欧洲的大瘟疫
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Between 1347 and 1351, the bubonic plague killed an estimated one-third of Europe’s population.
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Fleas on black rats carried Yersinia pestis bacteria from Central Asia along busy trade routes.
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Cities suffered most—crowded homes, poor sanitation, and limited medical knowledge made outbreaks deadly.
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Labor shortages after the plague gave surviving peasants more bargaining power for fairer wages and land.
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Some churches lost authority when prayers failed to stop the disease or explain its cause.
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Art and literature turned darker, focusing on death, judgment, and the fragility of life.
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New public health measures, like quarantines and travel bans, began in Italian port cities like Venice.
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Centuries later, historians see the Black Death as a painful but powerful turning point toward modern society.