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The Enlightenment and the Idea of Natural Rights
启蒙运动与自然权利观念
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In the 17th and 18th centuries, thinkers like Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu argued that reason—not tradition—should guide society.17至18世纪，洛克、伏尔泰和孟德斯鸠等思想家主张，社会应由理性而非传统来引导。
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Locke claimed all humans possess natural rights to life, liberty, and property—even before governments exist.洛克认为，所有人天生拥有生命、自由与财产权，这些权利先于政府而存在。
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Voltaire defended freedom of speech and religion, insisting that criticism helps improve laws and leaders.伏尔泰捍卫言论与宗教自由，强调批评有助于改进法律与领导人。
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Montesquieu studied governments worldwide and proposed separating powers to prevent tyranny.孟德斯鸠考察世界各国政体，提出分权以防止专制。
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These ideas influenced revolutionaries in America and France who wrote declarations and constitutions.这些思想影响了美国和法国的革命者，促使其起草宣言与宪法。
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Enlightenment thinkers trusted evidence and experiment, laying foundations for modern science and education.启蒙思想家重视证据与实验，为现代科学与教育奠定基础。
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They believed progress was possible—if people questioned authority and valued individual conscience.他们相信进步是可能的——只要人们质疑权威、珍视个人良知。
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Their writings remain central to debates about justice, equality, and democratic responsibility today.他们的著作至今仍是关于正义、平等与民主责任等议题讨论的核心。