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The Industrial Revolution and Changing Family Life
工业革命与家庭生活的变迁
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In late 18th-century Britain, steam engines powered factories, drawing workers from farms into crowded cities.18世纪晚期的英国，蒸汽机驱动工厂运转，吸引农民涌入拥挤的城市。
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Families no longer worked together at home making cloth or tools—they now labored separately in shifts.家庭不再一起在家织布或制工具，而是分班次在工厂里各自劳作。
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Children as young as six worked long hours in textile mills or coal mines until laws gradually restricted child labor.年仅六岁的儿童在纺织厂或煤矿长时间工作，直到法律逐步限制童工。
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Women often took factory jobs, though wages stayed lower than men’s, reinforcing gendered economic roles.女性常从事工厂工作，但工资始终低于男性，强化了性别化的经济角色。
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Urban housing became cramped and unsanitary, prompting new public health efforts and city planning.城市住房变得拥挤且不卫生，催生了新的公共卫生举措和城市规划。
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Yet rising incomes eventually allowed more families to afford education, leisure, and consumer goods.然而收入增长最终使更多家庭有能力负担教育、休闲和消费品。
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The nuclear family—parents and children living apart from extended kin—became the ideal model in industrial societies.核心家庭——父母与子女脱离大家庭单独生活——成为工业社会的理想模式。
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This shift redefined childhood, privacy, and the meaning of ‘home’ in ways still felt today.这一转变重新定义了童年、隐私及‘家’的含义，影响延续至今。