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The Columbian Exchange: A Global Transfer of Life
哥伦布大交换：生命的全球流转
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After Columbus landed in the Caribbean in 1492, plants, animals, diseases, and people began crossing the Atlantic in both directions.1492年哥伦布登陆加勒比海后，植物、动物、疾病和人口开始双向跨越大西洋。
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Europeans brought wheat, horses, cattle, and smallpox; Indigenous peoples shared maize, potatoes, tomatoes, and chocolate.欧洲人带来了小麦、马、牛和天花；原住民则贡献了玉米、土豆、番茄和巧克力。
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Potatoes became a staple food in Ireland and Eastern Europe, supporting population growth there.土豆成为爱尔兰和东欧的主食，支撑了当地人口增长。
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Horses transformed Native American life on the Great Plains, improving hunting and travel.马匹彻底改变了北美大平原原住民的生活，提升了狩猎与迁徙能力。
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But smallpox and measles killed up to 90% of some Indigenous communities who had no immunity.但天花和麻疹导致部分缺乏免疫力的原住民社群死亡率高达90%。
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Sugar plantations in the Americas relied on enslaved Africans, launching the transatlantic slave trade.美洲的甘蔗种植园依赖非洲奴隶，由此开启了跨大西洋奴隶贸易。
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This exchange reshaped diets, economies, ecosystems, and demographics across four continents.这场交流重塑了四大洲的饮食、经济、生态与人口结构。
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It reminds us that globalization began long before the internet—with seeds, germs, and ships.它提醒我们：全球化早在互联网出现之前就已开始——靠的是种子、病菌与船舶。