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The Printing Press and the Spread of Vernacular Bibles
印刷术与民族语言圣经的传播
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In the 1450s, Johannes Gutenberg combined movable metal type, oil-based ink, and a modified wine press to print books.15世纪50年代，约翰内斯·古腾堡将活字金属印刷、油性油墨与改良的葡萄酒压榨机结合，用于印制书籍。
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His first major project was the Latin Bible, but soon printers produced versions in German, English, and French.他的首个重要项目是拉丁文《圣经》，但很快印刷商便推出了德语、英语和法语版本。
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These vernacular Bibles let ordinary people read scripture without needing clergy as interpreters.这些方言版《圣经》使普通人无需神职人员解释即可直接阅读经文。
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Translation sparked debate—some rulers banned local-language Bibles to control religious thought.翻译引发争议——一些统治者禁止本地语言《圣经》，以控制宗教思想。
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Yet demand grew, and printers risked punishment to meet readers’ hunger for accessible texts.然而需求持续增长，印刷商甘冒惩罚风险，满足读者对易读文本的渴求。
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Luther’s German New Testament sold thousands of copies within months of its 1522 release.路德于1522年出版的德语《新约》数月内便售出数千册。
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Printing standardized spelling and grammar, helping unify regional dialects into national languages.印刷术规范了拼写与语法，推动各地方言融合为统一的民族语言。
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More than religion, the press changed how knowledge moved—from elite circles to classrooms, homes, and workshops.印刷术的影响远不止于宗教——它改变了知识传播方式，使其从精英圈子走向课堂、家庭与工坊。