Opium, War, and Unequal Treaties: The Opening of Treaty Ports

鸦片、战争与不平等条约：通商口岸的开启

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British merchants smuggled opium from India into Qing China to reverse chronic trade deficits caused by tea and silk exports.
By the 1830s, widespread addiction and silver outflow prompted Emperor Daoguang to appoint Lin Zexu to suppress the trade.

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